queen mary 1

Mary never saw her mother again—though, despite great danger, they corresponded secretly. [20] She was given her own court based at Ludlow Castle and many of the royal prerogatives normally reserved for the Prince of Wales. Lady Jane and her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley, though found guilty, were kept under guard in the Tower rather than immediately executed, while Lady Jane's father, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, was released. By the 17th century, the memory of her religious persecutions had led to the adoption of her sobriquet "Bloody Mary". Exhibition. [70] He did not want the crown to go to Mary because he feared she would restore Catholicism and undo his and their father's reforms, and so he planned to exclude her from the line of succession. [23] In 1522, at the age of six, she was instead contracted to marry her 22-year-old first cousin, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.[24] However, the engagement was broken off within a few years by Charles with Henry's agreement. Most historians consider her reign to be unfruitful in that she never was able to fulfill her dream of returning England to … Mary’s early years were spent as a diplomatic tool of her father, as she was promised as a wife to several potential allies. [115] Church doctrine was restored to the form it had taken in the 1539 Six Articles of Henry VIII, which (among other things) reaffirmed clerical celibacy. Parliament, also at odds with her, was offended by her discourtesy to their delegates pleading against the Spanish marriage: “My marriage is my own affair,” she retorted. She then held court at Ludlow Castle while new betrothal plans were made. Edward VI succeeded his father in 1547 and, swayed by religious fervour and overzealous advisers, made English rather than Latin compulsory for church services. [13] By the age of nine, Mary could read and write Latin. As early as the 1520s Henry had planned to divorce Catherine in order to marry Anne, claiming that, since Catherine had been his deceased brother’s wife, her union with Henry was incestuous. An unpopular, unsuccessful war with France, in which Spain was England’s ally, lost Calais, England’s last toehold in Europe. [138], The years of Mary's reign were consistently wet. [150] But no child was born, and Mary was forced to accept that her half-sister Elizabeth would be her lawful successor. That reign turned out to be all too short, as she was arrested, tried and executed for adultery in 1542. 126–127; Whitelock, pp. Philip persuaded his wife that Elizabeth should marry his cousin Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, to secure the Catholic succession and preserve the Habsburg interest in England, but Elizabeth refused to comply and parliamentary consent was unlikely. [46] Henry granted her a household, which included the reinstatement of Mary's favourite, Susan Clarencieux. Sie liegt seither fest vertäut im kalifornischen Long Beach und wird als schwimmendes Hotel namens Hotel The Queen Mary genutzt. Protestant historians have long deplored her reign, emphasizing that in just five years she burned several hundred Protestants at the stake. Mary I, also called Mary Tudor, byname Bloody Mary, (born February 18, 1516, Greenwich, near London, England—died November 17, 1558, London), the first queen to rule England (1553–58) in her own right. When Edward became mortally ill in 1553, he attempted to remove Mary from the line of succession because he supposed, correctly, that she would reverse the Protestant reforms that had continued during his reign. [55] Cromwell fell from favour and was arrested for treason in June 1540; one of the unlikely charges against him was that he had plotted to marry Mary himself. [73] On 9 July, from Kenninghall, Norfolk, she wrote to the privy council with orders for her proclamation as Edward's successor. A failure to apply new tariffs to new forms of imports meant that a key source of revenue was neglected. [15] Henry VIII doted on his daughter and boasted to the Venetian ambassador Sebastian Giustiniani that Mary never cried. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [21] She appears to have spent three years in the Welsh Marches, making regular visits to her father's court, before returning permanently to the home counties around London in mid-1528. [168] Although Mary's rule was ultimately ineffectual and unpopular, the policies of fiscal reform, naval expansion, and colonial exploration that were later lauded as Elizabethan accomplishments were started in Mary's reign. [84] Philip had a son from a previous marriage and was heir apparent to vast territories in Continental Europe and the New World. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. 176–181; Porter, pp. [110] Mary was heartbroken and fell into a deep depression. Clement may have been reluctant to act because he was influenced by Charles V, Catherine's nephew and Mary's former betrothed, whose troops had surrounded and occupied Rome in the War of the League of Cognac. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-I, English Monarchs - Biography of Mary Tudor, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Mary I of England, The Home of the Royal Family - Biography of Mary I, Mary I - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Mary I - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Mary understood that the young Lady Jane was essentially a pawn in Dudley's scheme, and Dudley was the only conspirator of rank executed for high treason in the immediate aftermath of the coup. 203–234, quoted in Freeman, Thomas S. (2017). Her mother had suffered many miscarriages. But Mary had widespread popular support and within days made a triumphal entry into London. [7] In 1520, the Countess of Salisbury was appointed Mary's governess. 295–297; Porter, pp. The inscription on their tomb, affixed there by James I when he succeeded Elizabeth, is Regno consortes et urna, hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis ("Consorts in realm and tomb, we sisters Elizabeth and Mary here lie down to sleep in hope of the resurrection"). [106] Mary continued to exhibit signs of pregnancy until July 1555, when her abdomen receded. 153–157; Porter, pp. Disappointed at the lack of a male heir, and eager to remarry, Henry attempted to have his marriage to Catherine annulled, but Pope Clement VII refused his request. Queen Mary's attempts to restore Catholicism and Mary's marriage to Philip II of Spain (July 25, 1554) were unpopular. Susan Clarencieux became Mistress of the Robes. 8, 81–82; Whitelock, p. 168, Loades, pp. [87] When Mary insisted on marrying Philip, insurrections broke out. Lady Jane and her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley, though found guilty, were kept under guard in the Tower rather t… The next month, the French ambassador in England, Antoine de Noailles, was implicated in a plot against Mary when Sir Henry Dudley, a second cousin of the executed Duke of Northumberland, attempted to assemble an invasion force in France. [91] While Mary's grandparents Ferdinand and Isabella had retained sovereignty of their realms during their marriage, there was no precedent to follow in England. [94] He had no amorous feelings for Mary and sought the marriage for its political and strategic gains; his aide Ruy Gómez de Silva wrote to a correspondent in Brussels, "the marriage was concluded for no fleshly consideration, but in order to remedy the disorders of this kingdom and to preserve the Low Countries. This demand ignored, he presently jilted her and concluded a more advantageous match. The marriage, a purel… 135–136; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 101, Contemporary Spanish and English reports, quoted in Whitelock, p. 108, Loades, p. 120; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 112, Loades, pp. In 1525 she was named princess of Wales by her father, although the lack of official documents suggests she was never formally invested. Mary I was the queen of England from 1553 until her death in 1558. [25] Cardinal Wolsey, Henry's chief adviser, then resumed marriage negotiations with the French, and Henry suggested that Mary marry the Dauphin's father, King Francis I himself, who was eager for an alliance with England. Mary had an interview with Elizabeth to see if she was worthy to be welcomed to court. 133–134, Loades, pp. "[163], Catholic historians, such as John Lingard, thought Mary's policies failed not because they were wrong but because she had too short a reign to establish them and because of natural disasters beyond her control. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. [142] In an attempt to increase trade and rescue the English economy, Mary's counsellors continued Northumberland's policy of seeking out new commercial opportunities. Coronation: 1 October 1553 Westminster Abbey. Although he was in deacon's orders and prominent in the church, Pole was not ordained until the day before his consecration as archbishop (Loades, p. 319). Mary of Teck became Queen Mary, consort of King George V. She was the mother of kings Edward VIII and George VI, and the grandmother of Queen Elizabeth II. She was the oldest daughter of Henry VIII , and the only child of Catherine of Aragon who survived childhood. [101] According to Giovanni Michieli, the Venetian ambassador, Philip may have planned to marry Elizabeth in the event of Mary's death in childbirth,[102] but in a letter to his brother-in-law, Maximilian of Austria, Philip expressed uncertainty as to whether his wife was pregnant. 104–105; Whitelock, p. 274, Porter, pp. She also had at least two false pregnancies, the last of which, beginning in April 1558, would mask the ultimate cause of her death. She was, however, not able to free herself of the epithet of bastard, and her movements were severely restricted. [59] In 1542, following the execution of Henry's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, the unmarried Henry invited Mary to attend the royal Christmas festivities. At this time of emotional upheaval, Mary fell seriously ill and may have been in danger of losing her life. [77] She and Dudley were imprisoned in the Tower of London. She is best known for her religious persecutions of Protestants and the executions of … 213–214; Waller, p. 54; Whitelock, pp. 32–33, Porter, pp. [141] The mercantilist Spanish guarded their trade routes jealously, and Mary could not condone English smuggling or piracy against her husband. [30], From 1531, Mary was often sick with irregular menstruation and depression, although it is not clear whether this was caused by stress, puberty or a more deep-seated disease. Mary supported harsher and harsher persecution of the Protestants, eventually burning more than 300 Protestants at the stake as heretics over a four-year period, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary." ), William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester, debased under both Henry VIII and Edward VI, First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women, "Spain: August 1557 | British History Online", "Chapter Five: Table of regnal year of English Sovereigns", Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily, Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, Princess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Princess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia, Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria, Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Princess Maria Annunciata of the Two Sicilies, Princess Maria Immaculata of the Two Sicilies, Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies, Princess Maria of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, Freiin Francesca Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon et Impérfalva, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&oldid=1007521289, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. 257–261; Whitelock, pp. Suggestions that Mary marry the Duke of Cleves, who was the same age, came to nothing, but a match between Henry and the Duke's sister Anne was agreed. 104–105, Loades, p. 326; Waller, pp. At Queen Mary, you get the safety and security of campus life, while living in one of the most exciting parts of London. She insisted that Philip receive the title of king consort and all official documents bear their joint names. She was crowned only after the attempt to put Lady Jane Grey on the throne. [82] On 1 October 1553, Gardiner crowned Mary at Westminster Abbey. [173], Queen of England and Ireland from 1553-1558, For the Queen of Scotland during Mary I's reign, see. Around 800 rich Protestants, including John Foxe, fled into exile. When Henry married Catherine Howard, however, Mary was granted permission to return to court, and in 1544, although still considered illegitimate, she was granted succession to the throne after Edward and any other legitimate children who might be born to Henry. As a result, she was given the nickname Bloody Mary. For three years rebel bodies dangled from gibbets, and heretics were relentlessly executed, some 300 being burned at the stake. [79] Mary understood that the young Lady Jane was essentially a pawn in Dudley's scheme, and Dudley was the only conspirator of rank executed for high treason in the immediate aftermath of the coup. Mary’s life was radically disrupted, however, by her father’s new marriage to Anne Boleyn. 103–104; Whitelock, pp. [159], Mary is remembered in the 21st century for her vigorous efforts to restore the primacy of Roman Catholicism in England after the rise of Protestant influence during the previous reigns. [88] Mary declared publicly that she would summon Parliament to discuss the marriage and if Parliament decided that the marriage was not to the kingdom's advantage, she would refrain from pursuing it. For example, the Act of Uniformity 1549 prescribed Protestant rites for church services, such as the use of Thomas Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer. [96] Their wedding at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. [123] The burnings proved so unpopular that even Alfonso de Castro, one of Philip's own ecclesiastical staff, condemned them[124] and another adviser, Simon Renard, warned him that such "cruel enforcement" could "cause a revolt". Mary's first act of Parliament retroactively validated Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, and legitimated the Queen. [54] When the king saw Anne for the first time in late December 1539, a week before the scheduled wedding, he found her unattractive but was unable, for diplomatic reasons and without a suitable pretext, to cancel the marriage. [139] Another problem was the decline of the Antwerp cloth trade. [111], Elizabeth remained at court until October, apparently restored to favour. But she is also remembered for her phantom pregnancy of 1555. Catherine was demoted to Dowager Princess of Wales (a title she would have held as Arthur's widow), and Mary was deemed illegitimate. [85], Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the House of Commons unsuccessfully petitioned her to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of the Habsburgs. Mary was the only child of Henry VIII by his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, to survive to adulthood. [19] In 1525, Henry sent Mary to the border of Wales to preside, presumably in name only, over the Council of Wales and the Marches. (2011). 291–292, Porter, p. 398; Waller, pp. 165, 138, Loades, p. 176; Porter, p. 195; Tittler, pp. "A Test of Wills: Cardinal Pole, Ignatius Loyola, and the Jesuits in England" in McCoog, Thomas M. Courtenay, who was implicated in the plot, was imprisoned and then exiled. She adopted "Truth, the Daughter of Time" (Latin: Veritas Temporis Filia) as her personal motto. [137] According to Holinshed's Chronicles, Mary later lamented, "When I am dead and opened, you shall find 'Calais' lying in my heart", although this may be apocryphal. 358–359; Waller, p. 103; Whitelock, p. 266, Waller, pp. [103], Thanksgiving services in the diocese of London were held at the end of April after false rumours that Mary had given birth to a son spread across Europe. Mary was the daughter of King Henry VIII and his first wife, the Spanish-born princess Catherine of Aragon. [144] Adventurers such as John Lok and William Towerson sailed south in an attempt to develop links with the coast of Africa. Perhaps a result of the queen’s overwhelming desire to have a child, the peculiar episode had great political consequences for her reign [165] Her marriage to Philip was unpopular among her subjects and her religious policies resulted in deep-seated resentment. One of Mary's first actions as queen was to order the release of the Roman Catholic Duke of Norfolk and Stephen Gardiner from imprisonment in the Tower of London, as well as her kinsman Edward Courtenay. Although plain, she was a popular figure, with a fine contralto singing voice and great linguistic ability. She granted a royal charter to the Muscovy Company under governor Sebastian Cabot,[143] and commissioned a world atlas from Diogo Homem. LS Marlborough House, very misty. [104] Through May and June, the apparent delay in delivery fed gossip that Mary was not pregnant. Henry separated from Catherine in 1531 and had his marriage to her annulled in 1533. She refused to do so until her cousin, the emperor Charles, persuaded her to give in, an action she was to regret deeply. A devoted Roman Catholic, she attempted to restore Catholicism there, mainly through reasoned persuasion, but her regime’s persecution of Protestant dissenters led to hundreds of executions for heresy. [86] The marriage was unpopular with the English; Gardiner and his allies opposed it on the basis of patriotism, while Protestants were motivated by a fear of Catholicism. 207–208; Waller, p. 65; Whitelock, p. 198, Loades, p. 325; Porter, pp. The daughter of King Henry VIII and the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon, Mary as a child was a pawn in England’s bitter rivalry with more powerful nations, being fruitlessly proposed in marriage to this or that potentate desired as an ally. 20–21; Whitelock, pp. After Henry married Anne Boleyn in 1533, Mary was forbidden from seeing her mother and restricted in her access to her father. Bigger, faster and more powerful than her predecessor the ship Titanic, the RMS Queen Mary had a long career that included 1,001 successful Atlantic crossings. She was styled "The Lady Mary" rather than Princess, and her place in the line of succession was transferred to her newborn half-sister, Elizabeth, Anne's daughter. Furthering the Tudor conquest of Ireland, under Mary and Philip's reign English colonists were settled in the Irish Midlands. 169–176; Waller, pp. [114] Mary's first Parliament, which assembled in early October, declared her parents' marriage valid and abolished Edward's religious laws. [131] Their principal towns were respectively named Maryborough (now Portlaoise) and Philipstown (now Daingean). 361–362, 418; Waller, pp. Courageous and stubborn, her character was moulded by her early years. Mary had a fragile constitution and suffered a series of illnesses throughout her life. [72] Therefore, instead of heading to London from her residence at Hunsdon, Mary fled to East Anglia, where she owned extensive estates and Dudley had ruthlessly put down Kett's Rebellion. Ditto another shot. A studious and bright girl, she was educated by her mother and a governess of ducal rank. From September 1946 to July 1947, Queen Mary was refitted for passenger service, adding air conditioning and upgrading her berth configuration to 711 first class (formerly called cabin class), 707 cabin class (formerly tourist class) and 577 tourist class (formerly third class) passengers. [134] As a result of the war, relations between England and the Papacy became strained, since Pope Paul IV was allied with Henry II of France. ", Haigh, pp. Failed harvests increased public discontent. Nor would she enter a convent when ordered to do so. [69], On 6 July 1553, at the age of 15, Edward VI died of a lung infection, possibly tuberculosis. 90–91, Loades, p. 114; Porter, pp. 21–24; Waller, p. 21; Whitelock, p. 23, Loades, p. 77; Porter, p. 92; Whitelock, p. 57, Porter, pp. 127–129; Porter, pp. Born: 18 February 1516 Greenwich Palace. The Needlework of Mary Queen of Scots. Princess Mary of England (later Queen Mary I). Mary’s father was Henry VIII and her mother was Catherine of Aragon, Henry’s first wife. After Mary's death in 1558, her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her younger half-sister and successor, Elizabeth I. Mary was born on 18 February 1516 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, England. [107] It was most likely a false pregnancy, perhaps induced by Mary's overwhelming desire to have a child. [100] In the last week of April 1555, Elizabeth was released from house arrest, and called to court as a witness to the birth, which was expected imminently. An Act of Parliament in 1533 had declared her illegitimate and removed her from the succession to the throne (she was reinstated in 1544, but her half-brother Edward removed her 38–39; Whitelock, pp. The allegation of incest in effect made Mary illegitimate. [60] At court, while her father was between marriages and without a consort, Mary acted as hostess. In the mid-20th century, H. F. M. Prescott attempted to redress the tradition that Mary was intolerant and authoritarian, and scholarship since then has tended to view the older, simpler assessments of Mary with increasing reservations. [96] This style, which had been in use since 1554, was replaced when Philip inherited the Spanish Crown in 1556 with "Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both the Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol". [125] Mary persevered with the policy, which continued until her death and exacerbated anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish feeling among the English people. Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, and as "Bloody Mary" by her Protestant opponents, was the queen of England from July 1553 until her death. Name: Queen Mary I Born: February 18, 1516 at Greenwich Palace Parents: Henry VIII and … [169], When Mary ascended the throne, she was proclaimed under the same official style as Henry VIII and Edward VI: "Mary, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and of the Church of England and of Ireland on Earth Supreme Head". [42], In 1536, Queen Anne fell from the king's favour and was beheaded. [117] By the end of 1554, the pope had approved the deal, and the Heresy Acts were revived. Mary was the queen from 1553 until her death in 1558. [149] She decreed in her will that her husband would be the regent during the minority of their child. [36] Under strain and with her movements restricted, Mary was frequently ill, which the royal physician attributed to her "ill treatment". After delivering war brides to Canada, Queen Mary made her fastest ever crossing, returning to Southampton in only three days, 22 hours and 42 minutes at an average speed of just under 32 knots (59 km/h). Philip negotiated an unsteady truce with the French in February 1556. Wyatt, the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane, and her husband Guildford Dudley were executed. [135] In August, English forces were victorious in the aftermath of the Battle of Saint Quentin, with one eyewitness reporting, "Both sides fought most choicely, and the English best of all. [37] The Imperial ambassador Eustace Chapuys became her close adviser, and interceded, unsuccessfully, on her behalf at court. Mary I, the first queen to rule England (1553–58) in her own right. 86–87; Whitelock, p. 237, Porter, p. 338; Waller, p. 95; Whitelock, p. 255, "The queen's pregnancy turns out not to have been as certain as we thought": Letter of 25 April 1554, quoted in Porter, p. 337 and Whitelock, p. 257, Antoine de Noailles quoted in Whitelock, p. 269, Loades, pp. Mary was in favour of declaring war, but her councillors opposed it because French trade would be jeopardised, it contravened the foreign war provisions of the marriage treaty, and a bad economic legacy from Edward VI's reign and a series of poor harvests meant England lacked supplies and finances.
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