Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Roger II, 1130-54. Kingdom of Sicily. Roger II was married three times. Roger retreated to Salerno. This article is about an opera. [18] The pearls are from the Arabian Gulf, with thousands outlining each section of the embroidery. What’s so unusual about it is that it is Christ doing the crowning and not a Pope, as was the custom in … Born 22 December 1095, young Roger was educated by erudite Greek and Arab tutors, with the occasional Italian or Anglo-Norman visitor, and at court Italian … He ravaged the coast all along Euboea and the Gulf of Corinth and penetrated as far as Thebes, Greece, where he pillaged the silk factories and carried off the Jewish damask, brocade, and silk weavers, taking them back to Palermo where they formed the basis for the Sicilian silk industry. But they were no match for Roger’s particular technique of armed diplomacy, and in 1128 Pope Honorius II invested Roger as duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily. Coronation mantle of King Roger II of Sicily, gold embroidery and pearls on a red silk ground, 1133; in the Hofburg, Vienna. A Pisan fleet led by the exiled prince of Capua dropped anchor off Naples in 1135. There he promulgated the great law regulating all Sicilian affairs. Post reform of 1140 type. [a][9] The story suggests that Sigurd gave Roger the name King of Sicily, twenty years before he actually obtained this title. This Sir Ralph had a son, John King, whose son, Sir Thomas King, married Johanna Beauchamp, daughter of the Earl of Warwick. He began his rule as Count of Sicily in 1105, became Duke of Apulia and Calabria in 1127, then King of Sicily in 1130 and King of Africa in 1148. Updates? In 1139, Bari, the 50,000 inhabitants of which had remained unscathed behind its massive walls during the wars of the past year, decided to surrender. "[27] By the 1150s most of this coinage was no longer in use and soon after, it disappeared altogether. Text of Cod. Alongside these three major rulers were a large number of minor counts, who effectively exercised sovereign power in their own localities. While there, centralising his kingdom, Roger declared a new standard coinage, named after the duchy of Apulia: the ducat. Opposition was considerable; the barons had always resented the domination of the Hautevilles, whom they looked upon as upstarts no better than themselves, and the papacy had no wish to see too powerful a state established on its southern frontier. The Kufic text around the bottom border of the mantle inform us that the mantle was made in the Palermo work shops of the Norman King, Roger II of Sicily between 1133-1134. Salerno surrendered, and the large army of Germans and Normans marched to the very south of Apulia. Through Roger’s enthusiasm, Sicily became a cultural clearinghouse where, for the first time, Christian and Islamic scholars could meet on an equal footing. Two years later he secured it. Constance married the future emperor Henry VI, bringing Sicily under the control of the Hohenstaufens. The Second Crusade (1147–1148) offered Roger an opportunity to revive attacks on the Byzantine Empire, the traditional Norman enemy to the East. [38] They had two children: Roger's third marriage was in 1151 to Beatrice of Rethel, a grandniece of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. In 1140 at his assembly at Ariano he introduced new coinage to make it easier to trade with the rest of the Mediterranean, as there were smaller denominations of the previous coins, to allow more accurate and efficient trading. Item Information. Cross potent dividing legend Spahrn° 6 By 1016, they were involved in the complex local politics where Lombards were fighting against the Byzantine Empire. 1130 Norman Roger II, King of Sicily, History, Micronesia 2000 MNH Millennium . There are also calls to the cosmos and constellations from the star shapes on the lion's heads. By 1122 all Calabria was his, and in 1127, when Duke William of Apulia died without issue, Roger laid claim to the duchy as his rightful heir. [11] Roger, in exchange, provided William with 600 knights and access to money for his campaign.[11]. Robert was expelled from Capua and Roger installed his third son, Alfonso of Hauteville as Prince of Capua. Bernard of Clairvaux, Innocent's champion, organized a coalition against Anacletus and his "half-heathen king." "Roger II (22 December 1095 - 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon. He began his rule as Count of Sicily in 1105, became Duke of Apulia and Calabria in 1127, then King of Sicily in 1130 and King of Africa in 1148. [16][20] This piece was made in a private royal workshop, dedicated to creating tiraz fabric and other royal garments. Roger himself never went on an expedition against Byzantium, instead handing command to the skillful George. 47. Corrections? Roger II's elaborate royal mantle bears the date 528 of the Islamic calendar (1133–34), therefore it could not have been used for his coronation . Honorius’s death early in 1130 led to a dispute over the papal succession. However, the pope wanted an independent Principality of Capua as a buffer state between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Papal States, something Roger would not accept. One of the two candidates, Innocent II, thanks to the energetic advocacy of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, soon had almost the whole continent behind him. George capped the expedition with a sack of Corinth, in which the relics of Saint Theodore were stolen, and then returned to Sicily. [ADVANCE] (In case you are interested in what that kingdom looked like, here is a map of Roger's holdings in 1154, the year he died. It was the greatest defeat of Roger II's career. Adrian Fletcher’s Paradoxplace – Palermo and the First Normans – Photos, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_II_of_Sicily&oldid=1007065195, Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2012, Articles needing additional references from September 2020, All articles needing additional references, Biography articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [23] Amalfi soon capitulated. pada tahun 1091. Roger supported Antipope Anacletus II against Innocent II. Nevertheless, the controversy over the coinage did not hinder the Kingdom’s prosperity. Leaving a garrison of 1,000 men, George sailed on to the Peloponnesus. Stitches and Techniques. [24] With the emperor's departure, divisions in his opponents' ranks allowed Roger to reverse his fortunes. Upon the death of his elder brother, Simon of Hauteville, in 1105, Roger inherited the County of Sicily under the regency of his mother, Adelaide del Vasto. who married Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1165 C.E. The Mantle of Roger II, the Norman king of Sicily (r. 1130-1154), is made of red silk and is embroidered with gold and silk thread as well as with applied semi-precious and glass jewels. Sicily was already the only land where scholars could study both Greek and Arabic—then the scientific language par excellence. A daughter, wife of Rodrigo Garcés (later. Two Ifrīqiyan Church Treasuries in Norman Sicily and the Problem of Continuity across Political Change", "Tiraz: Inscribed Textiles from the Early Islamic Period". It is an example of heraldry, specifically with lions being symbolic of a powerful, male ruler. [12] The reward was a crown,[12] and, on 27 September 1130, Anacletus' papal bull made Roger king of Sicily. The next year, Lothair III came down to Rome for his imperial coronation. Meanwhile, Lothair's contemplated attack upon Roger had gained the backing of Pisa, Genoa, and the Byzantine emperor John II, each of whom feared the growth of a powerful Norman kingdom. It was these, combined with a gift for imaginative statesmanship all his own, that enabled him to profit from the fecklessness of his cousins—the son and grandson of Robert Guiscard—and to acquire, in return for military aid against a rebellious baronage, more and more of their mainland territories. "Tiraz: Inscribed Textiles from the Early Islamic Period" (2015). Background. The inscription, written in the tiraz band along the bottom of the piece states, "Here is what was created in the princely treasury, filled with luck, illustration, majesty, perfection, longanimity, superiority, welcome, prosperity, liberality, shine, pride, beauty, the achievement of desires and hopes, the pleasure of days and nights, without cease or change, with glory, devotion, preservation, protection, chance, salvation, victory and capability, in the capital of Sicily, in the year 528 H. [1133-1134]'[16] This mantle was made to promote status, bring the wearer good fortune, and emphasize Roger II's regal power. It invested the king and his bureaucracy with absolute powers and reduced the authority of the often rebellious vassals. For the Viscount of Carcassonne, see. The imagery on the mantle is very striking as it is meant to exemplify Roger II's power and victory over the previous dynasty. [6], When Roger I died in 1101, his young son, Simon, became count, with his mother Adelaide del Vasto as regent. Three days later, by the Treaty of Mignano, the pope proclaimed Roger II rex Siciliae ducatus Apuliae et principatus Capuae (king of Sicily, duke of Apulia and commander of Capua). This page was last edited on 16 February 2021, at 08:23. Though the island that Roger I and his brother Robert Guiscard had conquered was populated predominantly by Arabs—with a strong admixture of Greeks—Roger I had always remained essentially a Norman knight. After this he was quickly able to pacify his mainland realm, where his vassals—abetted by the German emperor Lothar II who led a large, though unsuccessful, expedition to South Italy in 1136–37—had kept up an almost permanent insurrection. Ernst Kantorowicz wrote that the "Mosaic in the Martorana at Palermo, representing the coronation of King Roger II at the hands of Christ, where the desired effect of making the God manifest in the king was achieved by a striking facial resemblance between Roger and Christ", The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Princeton 1957) 65 Kenneth Pennington, 'Maxims, Legal', Dictionary of … By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Only one thing more was necessary before he could weld his triple duchy into a single nation and treat with his fellow rulers on equal terms: a royal crown. The king himself, more than any other ruler of his day, was an intellectual who had thought deeply about the science of government, and although he cherished no love for the empire of the East—which, like that of the West, maintained its claim to its former South Italian possessions—his whole upbringing inclined him toward the Byzantine concept of monarchy: a mystically tinged absolutism in which the sovereign, as God’s viceroy, lived remote and elevated from his subjects in a magnificence that reflected his intermediate position between earth and heaven. "Textile Connections? An ambitious new ruler who lacked the distinguished lineage so prized by the nobility, and a leader of an extraordinarily diverse population on the fringes of Europe, he occupied a unique space in the continent's charged political landscape. Roger was the son of Count Roger I of Sicily and his third wife, Adelaide of Savona. Meanwhile, Robert and Ranulf took papal Benevento. [30], Roger had now become one of the greatest kings in Europe. A powerful fleet was built up under several admirals, or "emirs", of whom the greatest was George, formerly in the service of the Muslim prince of Mahdia. www.metmuseum.org. [14][15] This lavish item made for special events to show power and regality. In 1132, Roger sent Robert II of Capua and Ranulf II of Alife to Rome in a show of force in support of Anacletus. As mercenaries they fought the enemies of the Italian city-states sometimes fighting for the Byzantines and sometimes against them, but in the following century they gradually became the rulers of the major polities south of Rome. Ranulf demanded the restitution of both wife and countship. King Roger. Roger II of Sicily (22 December 1095-26 February 1154) was Count of Sicily from 1105 to 1130 (succeeding Simon ), Duke of Apulia and Calabria from 1127 to 1134 (succeeding William II and preceding Roger III ), Prince of Taranto from 1128 to 1132 (succeeding Bohemond II and preceding Tancred ), and King of Sicily from 27 September 1130 to 26 February 1154 (preceding William I ). George went on a punitive expedition against Constantinople, but could not land and instead defied the Byzantine emperor by firing arrows against the palace windows. Obv: Arabic legend, three pellets in centre . Roger died at Palermo on 26 February 1154 and was buried in the Cathedral of Palermo. Its primary export was durum wheat; others included foods like cheese and vine fruits. He returned to check on his sons' progress in 1140 and then went to Ariano, a town central to the peninsular possessions (and a centre of rebellion under his predecessors). After this coalition failed, in August 1128 Honorius invested Roger at Benevento as Duke of Apulia. Wikipedia: The church is renowned for its spectacular interior, which is dominated by a series of 12th century mosaics executed by Byzantine craftsmen. He succeeded his elder brother Simon on September … For example, gold and silver were gained through the campaigns in Apulia in 1133 and Greece in 1147. Roger II's eldest son Roger was given the title of Duke of Apulia. Pearls were a common decoration on pan-Mediterranean textiles, however pearls were also used and admired on clothing by the Byzantine Empire. He was "very concerned to gain money, but hardly very prodigal in expending it."[27]. But splendour did not mean empty extravagance. By 999, Norman adventurers had come to southern Italy. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Subduing all opposition, he ruled it until his death in Palermo at the age of fifty-eight and it was said of him that he accomplished more in his sleep than other people did when awake. The excellentissimus princeps Jaquintus, who had led the rebellion of the city, was hanged, along with many of his followers, but the city avoided being sacked. Roger is the subject of King Roger, a 1926 opera by Polish composer Karol Szymanowski. His rival, the antipope Anacletus II, turned to Roger, who promised full support in return for coronation. It formed part of the imperial regalia of the Holy Roman Empire. Ranulf himself, who had taken refuge in his capital Troia, died of malarial fever on 30 April 1139. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Count Roger was a younger brother of Robert "Guiscard" ("the crafty") de Hauteville, overlord of Sicily and much of the Italian peninsula south of Rome, with Salerno as its largest city. When she died, rumors flew that Roger had died as well, as his grief had made him a recluse. Despite his repeatedly expressed wish to rest in Cefalù, the king was buried in the cathedral at Palermo, having created, in a Europe rent by schism and exhausted by the Crusades, not just a kingdom but a political and religious climate in which all races, creeds, and cultures were equally encouraged and equally favoured. King Roger II of Sicily was a descendant of the Norman knights whom the Popes had recruited to fight the Muslim expansion in the Mediterranean. The first king of Sicily was crowned on Christmas Day 1130 in the cathedral at Palermo. Ceiling of the Palatine Chapel (Cappella Palatina), Palermo, Sicily. Sergius died and Roger fled to Salerno. Share. While they were away, Roger's half-sister Matilda, Ranulf's wife, fled to Roger claiming abuse. These mercenaries fought the enemies of the Italian city-states, but in the following century they gradually became the rulers of the major politiessouth of Rome. Roger II had a kingdom where a Muslim scholar such as al-Idrisi could draw from a variety of intellectual traditions, because Sicily is positioned in the center of the Mediterranean and was a major stopping point for people traveling across the Mediterranean. Details about 1130 Norman Roger II, King of Sicily, History, Micronesia 2000 MNH Millennium . Al-Idrisi in service of King Roger II. The latter was obvious enough in his complexion and in the darkness of his eyes and hair, but his contemporaries soon learned to their cost that he was a ruler for whom diplomacy, however tortuous, was a more natural weapon than the sword, and gold, however corrupting, a more effective currency than blood. He was succeeded by his fourth son, William. At San Severino, after the victorious campaign, he and the pope jointly invested Ranulf as duke of Apulia in August 1137, and the emperor then retired to Germany. Rev: IC/XC // NI/KA. ; 1 2 mm.). Later, Roger exhumed his body from his grave in Troia cathedral and threw it in a ditch, only to repent subsequently and rebury him decently. 1140s) translated from Latin by G. A. Roger II of Sicily. Studiorum Universitas Ruggero II, a private non-traditional university connected to Accademia Normanna was incorporated in the U.S. on April 30, 2001 in honor of this king.[35]. In 1122, William II the Duke of Apulia, who was fighting with Count Jordan of Ariano, offered to renounce his remaining claims to Sicily as well as part of Calabria. He succeeded his elder brother Simon on September 28, 1105, at the age of nine. Roger II, a member of the Norman de Hauteville dynasty which arrived in Italy as knights early in the eleventh century, was the first king of Sicily, and it was during his reign that a true Sicilian nation, inhabited by a "Sicilian people," can be said to have been established. In spring 1138, the royal army invaded the Principality of Capua, with the precise intent of avoiding a pitched battle and of dispersing Ranulf's army with a series of marches through difficult terrain. He began his rule as Count of Sicily in 1105, later became Duke of Apulia and Calabria (1127), then King … through 1198 C.E.) [19] The enameled surfaces are also attributed to the Byzantine Empire, as they had many craftsmen specializing in this type of work. "Siciliy and the Staging of Multiculturalism". Sokoly, Jochen (2017). Tancred, king of Sicily whose brief reign marked the end of the Norman rule there. Unlike other states, Sicily also had a strong political and military standing so its merchants were supported and to some extent protected. Roger II was a son of Roger I, Great Count of Sicily, and Adelaide of Savona. The gold embroidery was most likely created by Muslim craftsmen, given the tiraz bands, the Arabic text in calligraphy, and Kufic script. [36] They had six children: Roger's second marriage was in 1149 to Sibylla, daughter of Hugh II, Duke of Burgundy. The navy, by contrast, was predominantly Greek; its chief, known by the Arabic title “emir of emirs”—from which the word admiral derives—served also as head of the government, ranking second after the king himself. Most of the rebels took refuge in Naples, which was besieged in July, but despite poor health conditions within the city, Roger was not able to take it, and returned to Messina late in the year. After the pacification of South Italy, the king promulgated in 1140 at the so-called Assizes of Ariano a corpus of law covering every aspect of his rule. (This title later became the English word admiral). These lands were for the next seven centuries to constitute the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily. Deprived of paternal influence from the age of five, Roger was brought up in a cosmopolitan, multilingual world of Greek and Muslim tutors and secretaries and soon revealed an exotic strain in his nature. [29] This standing allowed for an increase in internal trade and a stronger market which led to noticeable developments in agriculture. (2017). After having been welcomed by the Salernitans, he recovered ground in Campania, sacking Pozzuoli, Alife, Capua, and Avellino. Aaron Fitz Roger, II Birth: circa 1260 Rome, Italy Death: 1270 (10) London, Middlesex, England Immediate Family: Son of Aaron Fitz Rogers, I and Mrs. Serlo Tancreed Husband of Wife of Aaron Fitz Roger Father of Aaron Fitz Roger, III Added by: Dean Tanner, Sr. on May 11, 2007 Managed by: Jon Brees Thogmartin FTDNA Mcclendon and 18 others [21] It is one of the only surviving mementos of Fatimid style royal garb, preserved in its entirety.[22]. The mosaics show many iconographic and formal similarities to the roughly contemporary programs in the Cappella … [16] These lions are addorsed, designed stylistically instead of a more realistic portrayal. Anacletus II died in January 1138, but Innocent II refused to reconcile with the King. Roger II, Sicily’s Greatest King. [13] He was crowned in Palermo on Christmas Day 1130. A contemporary chronicler notes that Roger would personally go through his exchequer accounts, recording even the smallest expenditure, and that he was as scrupulous in the payment of debts as in their collection. The important fortress of Aversa, among others, passed to the rebels and only Capua resisted, under the royal chancellor, Guarin. The royal army, split into several forces, easily conquered Aversa and even Alife, the base of the natural rebel leader, Ranulf. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [b][10] Roger married his first wife, Elvira, daughter of Alfonso VI of Castile and his fourth queen, Isabella, who may be identical to his former concubine, the converted Moor, Zaida, baptised Isabella. In the words of his court geographer, the king “accomplished more in his sleep than others did in their waking day.” Building on the foundations his father had laid, he created a civil service, based eclectically on Norman, Greek, and Arabic models, that was the wonder and envy of Europe. Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, series of conquests were made on the African coast, "Sicily and the Staging of Multiculturalism", "Textile Connections? Roger's son, Sir Ralph King, distinguished himself at the battle of Agincourt in 1415. Still less did it mean idleness. Under the greatest of its admirals, George of Antioch, it subdued much of what is now Tunisia to form a profitable, if short-lived, North African empire; it captured Corfu; it harassed the Greek coast, abducting the best of the Theban silk workers to found the court workshop at Palermo; and in 1149 it sailed up the Bosporus to fire a few impudent arrows into the gardens of the imperial palace. Roger II of Sicily, Rex-Tyrannus, In Twelfth-Century Political Thought. Roger II of Sicily Label from public data source Wikidata; Roger II, King of Sicily; Roger II, King of Sicily, -1154; Roger II, King of Sicily, 1095-1154; Roger II, King of Sicily, d. 1154; Earlier Established Forms This plunged Roger into a ten-year war. On 30 October 1137, at the Battle of Rignano (next to Monte Gargano), the younger Roger and his father, with Sergius of Naples, met the defensive army of Duke Ranulf. Roger II had not only acquired large wealth through his royal patrimony but also through his military campaigns and their financial rewards. Roger’s reforms in laws and administration not only aimed to strengthen his rule but also to improve the economic standing of Sicily and southern Italy. In 1130, the Duchy of Amalfi revolted and in 1131, Roger sent John of Palermo across the Strait of Messina to join up with a royal troop from Apulia and Calabria and march on Amalfi by land while George of Antioch blockaded the town by sea and set up a base on Capri. The sense of drama taking place in this piece, alongside of the decoration and color used to create it makes the mantle a spectacular article of clothing. The boundaries of his regno were only later fixed by a truce with the pope in October 1144. Loud was published in Medieval Italy on page 175. It capped Ranulf's meteoric career: twice victor over Roger. It was on this navy above all that Sicily’s security and prosperity depended, and Roger’s use of it was not overscrupulous. It is a luxury object made from red silk imported from the Byzantine Empire, its outer panels are embellished with gold embroidery, pearls, enamel and jewels. While the count of Alife hesitated, Roger, now supported by Benevento, destroyed all the rebels' castles in the region, capturing an immense booty. In September 1129 Roger was generally recognized as duke of Apulia by Sergius VII of Naples, Robert of Capua, and the rest. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [38] They had one daughter: Roger also had five known illegitimate children: —By a daughter of Hugues I, Count of Molise: "Roger II" redirects here. At Palermo, he gathered round him distinguished men of various races, such as the famous Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi[31] and the Byzantine Greek historian Nilus Doxopatrius. Roger II (22 December 1095 [1] – 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon. King Roger II being crowned by Jesus - mosaic in La Martorana, 12th Century Norman church in Palermo, Sicily - Italy 2016. However, although this new coinage made long distance trade easier it was very detrimental to local trade which spread "hatred throughout Italy. 1184/87) married firstly Joscelin, Count of Loreto, and secondly, Dolezalek, Isabelle (2013). [32] The king welcomed the learned and practised toleration towards the several creeds, races and languages of his realm. This collection of laws is the earlier of two related texts purporting to contain the legislation of King Roger (1130-54), the founder of the Kingdom of Sicily. Early life. Roger seems to have felt the slight, and this might explain his later reluctance to go crusading. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. Roger went to meet them but was defeated at the Battle of Nocera on 25 July 1132. Sergius was forced to acknowledge him as overlord of Naples and switch his allegiance to Anacletus. He entrusted finance to his Arab subjects, who also supplied him with the spearhead of his army. Thus, at age 32, the young duke found himself one of the most influential princes in Europe. He sacked Athens and quickly moved on to the Aegean Islands. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. The two lions, separated by a central palm tree, are each attacking a camel. Both were denied, and Ranulf left Rome against orders, with Robert following. SICILY: Roger II, 1105-1154, AR ducalis (2.32g), Palermo, dated RY 10 (1140), MEC-14-212, Spahr-72, Roger II standing to right, wearing Byzantine-style crown with pendilia and loros, holding globus cruciger in his left hand, R RX SLS (Rogerius Rex Siciliae); Roger III standing to left, bowing his head to his father, wearing military tunic, resting his right hand on hilt of his sword, R D X AP (Rogerius Dux Apuliae), both … [4] By 1016, they were involved in the complex local politics where Lombards were fighting against the Byzantine Empire. and became the mother of Frederick II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire who lived from 1194 C.E. Roger remained in Sicily, leaving its mainland garrisons helpless under the chancellor Robert of Selby, while even the Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus sent subsidies to Lothair. Little is known of his childhood. Simon died four years later in 1105, at the age of 12. Roger II (22 December 1095 – 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily and Africa, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon. From 1135 Roger II started to conquer the coast of Tunisia and enlarge his dominions: Tripoli was captured in 1146 and Cape Bona in 1148. By the time of his death at the age of 58, Roger had succeeded in uniting all the Norman conquests in Italy into one kingdom with a strong centralized government. The Assizes of King Roger . He also incorporated the mainland territories of Calabria in 1122 and Apulia in 1127. The manuscript dates from the late twelfth century. By July 1134, Roger's troops had forced Ranulf, Sergius, and the other ringleaders to submit. Omissions? On the death of Pope Honorius in February 1130 there were two claimants to the papal throne. Significantly, however, it played no part in the Second Crusade of 1147. From there Roger moved to Benevento and northern Apulia, where Duke Ranulf, although steadily losing his bases of power, had some German troops plus some 1,500 knights from the cities of Melfi, Trani, Troia, and Bari, who were "ready to die rather than lead a miserable life." His son, by contrast, was a man of the Mediterranean. Roger, freed from the utmost danger, immediately disembarked in Calabria, at Tropea, with 400 knights and other troops, probably mostly Muslims. 8782. For the King of Sicily, see Roger II of Sicily. Despite this act, his expedition left no enduring effects. His mother was assisted by such notables as Christodulus, the Greek emir of Palermo.
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